An overview of the modalities through which social transfers can be deployed to improve the sustainability of natural resource-based economic activities, thereby reconciling poverty reduction and resource conservation objective. The particular livelihood selected for this brief is small-scale or artisanal fisheries, but the argument and analysis could equally be applied to other natural resource-based livelihoods, whether derived from the land (crop farming), from livestock (pastoralism) or from forests (hunting and foraging). Full document is available at: https://europa.eu/capacity4dev/file/86925/download?token=bVNKrZO4