Nearly 150 valuation studies have been undertaken starting from 1980s to 2017. Of these studies, 34 cover wetlands, 68 cover forests, 19 coastal, marine and mangrove ecosystems and 25 other ecosystems. Included in the 150 studies are the studies conducted under the project on The Economics of Ecosystem and Biodiversity India Initiative (TEEB-TII) implemented by MoEFCC with support from GIZ, with the aim of making values of biodiversity and ecosystem services explicit for integrating them into developmental planning. Fourteen studies under this covered forests, inland wetlands and coastal and marine ecosystems. Universities, research institutions, and NGOs carried out these studies with the participation of local people in enumeration of ecosystem services. These studies are now available at : http://indogermanbiodiversity.com/. The studies on wetlands inter alia draw lessons on water resource management, community stewardship and equity, and the economics of hydrological regime changes. In the coastal and marine ecosystems, the studies also explore the opportunities and economic efficiency of interventions such as ecolabelling, seasonal fishing bans, mangrove regeneration and the challenge of bycatch in marine fisheries. India has released National REDD+ Strategy 2018 which inter alia addresses degradation, land tenure issues, forest governance issues, gender considerations and the safeguard identified, ensuring the full and effective participation of effective stakeholders, inter alia indigenous peoples and communities. Measures for gender mainstreaming include-Article 243 D and 243 T of the Constitution which that not less than one-third seats in Panchayats in rural areas and municipal bodies in urban respectively “shall be” reserved for women. Most states have raised this reservation to 50 ensures large-scale participation of women in planning decision making, implementation governance… Gender Budgeting as part of the Annual Central Government budget-Specific provisions for participation and representation of women in government programmes and schemes… Namami Gange (NG), A Ganga Conservation Mission, is a flagship programme of the Government effective abatement of pollution, conservation and rejuvenation of river Ganga. The Ganga basin of houses about 40% of India’s population. Municipal sewage from urban centers, effluents from industries polluting waste from several other non-point sources get discharged into the river through its 2,525 journey from the hills to the sea. With an outlay of Rs. 20,370 million and involving several Ministries, aims at Ganga rejuvenation by consolidating the previous Ganga Action Plan (GAP) Phase-I launched GAP Phase- II started in 1993 and National Mission on Ganges implemented in 2011… National Water Quality Monitoring Programme (NWQMP), through Central Pollution Control Board(CPCB) at National level and State Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs) at State /UTs created under the (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Rules, 1974… · National Plan for Conservation of Aquatic Ecosystem (NPCA) for conserving wetlands through Integrated Management Plans… · National River Conservation Plan, in operation since 1995, aims to reduce pollution load of rivers, improve water quality through pollution abatement works… · Aquifer Management Programme, under The Ministry of Water Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation (MoWR,RD&GR) to map and manage aquifer systems in the country. Jal Kranti Abhiyaan, aims at increasing water security applying modern techniques and traditional wisdom, conjunctive use of surface and ground water; rain-water harvesting and to promote accountability of users… Central Ground Water Board is responsible for developing / disseminating technologies, monitor and implement national policies for ground water resources. It has prepared a baseline map water availability in collaboration with States in 2012. It assesses ground water levels four times year. Its information base and services are to be used in works related to ground water resources… These works in conjunction with 8,214 projects under watershed development project contribute alleviating landscapes/ seascapes and add value to ecosystem services… Integrated Wasteland Development Project (IDWP): is meant to increase bio-mass of fuelwood,fodder, fruits, fiber and small timber by revitalizing village level institutions and enlisting people’s participation,Integrated Coastal and Marine Area Management (ICMAM) programme under Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES), promotes and facilitates sustainable management of the coastal zone and rational utilization of resources by incorporating environmental and social concerns in all sectoral developmental activities… Integrated Coastal Zone Management Programme (ICZMP), a World Bank assisted project in states of West Bengal, Orissa and Gujarat through Society of Integrated Coastal Management (SICOM). National Centre for Sustainable Coastal Management (NCSCM) with Regional centers in each coastal Union territory has been set up to promote R &D in coastal management and issues related to coastal communities… Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana (PMKSY), launched in 2015, with the objective of Har pani’ (water to each farm) to improve water use efficiency with the motto Per drop more crop’ finding end solutions on source creation, distribution, management, field application and extension activities to water..; Combating Desertification PMKSY includes watershed development programme by consolidating erstwhile Drought Prone Area Development Programme and Desert Development Programme and Integrated Wasteland Development Programme… Desertification and Land Degradation Atlas of India 2016 compares status of 2003-05 and 2011-31 National Target(s): Assessment of the effectiveness of the implementation measure taken in achieving desired outcomes .Measure taken has been effective tools or methodology used for the assessment of effectiveness above and provides baseline data for prioritizing action based on vulnerability and risk assessment… India’s wetlands comprise 4.6 % of its land area. Faunal species diversity of these wetlands is of India (ZSI) assessment places the number at 9,456 species in fresh water ecosystems which India’s total faunal biodiversity. Wetland (Conservation and Management) Rules 2017 which replaced (Conservation and Management) Rules 2010 reflect the renewed commitment of the Government State/UT authorities for integrated management of the wetlands notified by them. The implementation commenced in States. For example the State of Uttar Pradesh has notified all wetlands exceeding outside the protected forest area under the Rules, 2017 and uploaded them on website www.sacup.protection. In absolute terms the area under mangrove has increased from 4627.63 km2 in 2013 to 4921km2in 2017.mangroves has increased to 3.33% from 2.69% noted in NR5. National Centre for Coastal Research (NCCR) renamed as such from Integrated Coastal and Marine Directorate (ICMAMPD) provides scientific and technical support to coastal states for implementing integrated coastal and marine area management (ICMAM) for sustainable use of resources. Some include: Development and demonstration of the concept of ecosystem modelling to facilitate better management ecosystems at Kochi back water and Chilika lake. Development of designs and technologies for important elements of GIS based information system mangrove and shore protection measures. Development of a model to predict movement of oil spill. Development of a plan for sewage treatment/disposal strategy to reduce bacterial load in sea. Adoption of the Shoreline Management Plan for mitigating erosion of Ennore coast in the state Completion of hazard line mapping of west coast. Integrated Coastal and Marine Area Management inter alia through aerial photography, sediment areas and shore line mapping of the entire coast. Detailed field study undertaken for conservation of 893 Ecologically Sensitive Areas identified Capacity building and creation of specialised manpower on mathematical models at leading Earth Sciences Studies, Trivandrum, National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Andhra University. Trends in river water quality Strategic comprehensive multi-pronged water quality management approach which includes control laws, promotion of cleaner technologies, fiscal incentives and economic instruments property rights is being followed: Entire water resources of the country were classified according to their designated best uses prepared by Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB). The idea is to superimpose Water Quality identify the water bodies or their parts, which are in need of improvement (restoration). Through a wide network of water quality monitoring, water quality data are acquired. A large identified as polluted stretches for taking appropriate measures to restore their water quality. 3,000 stations in 29 States/6 UTs established to cover water quality monitoring of 540 rivers, creeks, 26 canals, 45 drains and 893 wells. Surface water monitored on monthly and groundwater on a half-yearly basis for 28 physico-chemical parameters. Selected samples are analysed for nine trace metals and 28 pesticides. CPCB made a model plan for restoration of river Hindon and shared it with State Pollution Control Committees (PCCs) to create capacity for making similar plans for identified polluted to SPCBs/PCCs and other stakeholders for the purpose… Aquatic riverine and land ecosystems/habitats often suffer the brunt of pollution and other damaging influences because of the pressure of inappropriate use by people to satisfy their immediate, often unavoidable needs. Intensive and sustained training and capacity building of institutions of local governance such as Municipal and Panchayat bodies and Biodiversity Management Committees (BMCs) to create/tap into other locally available alternative sources of satisfying such needs would support and accelerate the work under various programmes… Other measures for the sector inter alia include: Marine Fisheries Management Code (NMFC): On the lines of FAO Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries (FAOCCRF). Network for Fish Quality Management and Sustainable Fishing (NETFISH) 2007: A registered society under the MPEDA to empower fishermen community through extension and knowledge inter alia through multiple need-based training programmes in and around selected harbours and landing centres in all maritime states of India. Mobile App Advisory: m@krishi, for information on potential fishing zone through mobile phones has reduced scouting time for fishing by around 50%, reduced fuel consumption and increased profit to the tune of 25-35%. Minimum legal size (MLS): Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute (CMFRI), helps States in designing guidelines for MLS to ensure sustainable produce of commercially important fish stocks. Government of Kerala has issued these recently. Policy guidance on light fishing: Prohibits use or installation or operation of surface or submerged artificial lights/LED lights, fish lights attractors or any other light equipment with or without generator on mechanized fishing vessel or motorised fishing crafts in Indian EEZ beyond territorial waters. Guidelines for Sustainable Development and Management of Brackish Water Aquaculture (1995): Make all aquaculture units above 40 ha subject to EIA. Shrimp culture units of 40 ha or more to also incorporate EMP for local watercourses, groundwater, drinking water sources, agricultural activity, soil and salinization, waste water treatment and green belt development. Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) Certificate: MSC, an independent nonprofit council, sets certification standards for sustainable fishing and issues. MSC standards are assessed by a team of experts who are independent of both the fishery and the MSC. Logo Scheme for Export: Logo granted by MPEDA as mark of quality to be affixed on seafood products exported from India by the registered seafood processors who meet the criteria prescribed. Managing marine debris and micro plastics Standards specified by Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) and State Pollution Control Boards (SPCB) for releasing effluents into the water bodies. Namami Gange and NRCP help sustainable fisheries by cleaning the water ways and lakes. Conservation of indigenous fish genetic resources. Co-Management practices. Preparation of Coastal PBRs e.g., in Kerala, Goa. Draft National Inland Fishery Policy, 2018 is being formulated The full report is available at: https://chm.cbd.int/database/record?documentID=241351